The United States is competing with China and other technology powers to build robots capable of working in factories, warehouses and homes. But the contest may depend on a specialized part that is difficult to manufacture at scale: the harmonic drive, a compact precision gearbox that enables smooth, highly controlled movement.
• Harmonic drives are essential for the joints of many humanoid robots, including their arms, legs and hands.
• Their intricate design requires advanced engineering, exacting tolerances and costly production equipment.
• Japanese manufacturers currently dominate the global market, leaving American robotics companies dependent on overseas suppliers.
• Building a domestic supply chain could reduce delays, protect manufacturers from geopolitical disruptions and strengthen U.S. competitiveness.
• Demand is expected to rise as automakers and technology companies invest billions in humanoid robots designed for repetitive or hazardous tasks.
The challenge extends beyond assembling robots. To compete, the United States must also produce the specialized motors, sensors, batteries and precision components that make them move. Control over these overlooked parts could prove as important as breakthroughs in artificial intelligence.